CLASS: SS2 TOPIC: FLOW CHART WEEK 6

CONTENT A flow chart helps in showing the sequence of different approaches in solving a problem. Flow chart is very concise in nature. It identifies steps needed in solving a problem and shows these steps with connecting lines and arrows to indicate the order in which the steps are performed. FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS INPUT/OUTPUT FLOW LINES HARD DISK PROCESSING SYMBOL DECISION BOX FLOPPY DISK FOW CHART CONNECTOR MERGE COLLATE EXTRACT TERMINA SYMBOL SORT DISPLAY DESCRIPTION OF EACH SYMBOLS Input symbol means the feeding of data and output symbol means print out of the data or display on computer screen. Note: we can print the value of ‘a’ after feeding the values of ‘b’ and ‘c’ FLOW LINES: Flow lines are used to connect various symbols i.e. it shows the flow of logics. PROCESSING SYMBOL: Represents the processing of data DECISION BOX: False(No) IS A1 > A2 True(Yes) Here A1 represent area of a rectangle and A2 represent area of a square. The decision symbol defines logical operation with the result of decision (with true / false or Yes/ No). CONNECTOR SYMBOL Connector symbol is used for the purpose of junction. Sometimes the flow chart can’t be completed on a single page and it requires two or more pages, then the connector symbol is used to indicate another page. PREPARE/ INITIALISE These symbols are used to initialize constants and variables that will be used by the program. A flowchart always starts with START and ends with STOP as shown in examples below. Flowchart to calculate and print 60% of 450 Naira

CLASS: SS2 WEEK/PERIOD FIVE/1ST & 2ND LESSON TOPIC/TITLE ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

CONTENT To make a computer do anything you have to write a computer program. To write a computer program you have to tell the computer, step by step exactly what you want it to do. Definition An Algorithm can be defined as the set of rules and sequential steps that define how a particular problem can be solved in finite and ordered sequence. An Algorithm written in a computer is called a program. Simply speaking an Algorithm is called the heart of programing. An Algorithm describes a method by which a given task is accomplished. A Flow Chart is the pictorial representation in which symbols are used to show the various operations and decisions to be followed in solving a problem. FUNCTIONS OF ALGORITHMS An Algorithm generally takes some input, carries out a number of effective steps in a finite amount of time, and produces some output CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGORITM 1. UNAMBIGUOUS: It should state clearly what each line of the Algorithm does 2. DEFINITE AND EFFECTIVE: This implies the successful termination of the program. Thus every Algorithm should have the following characteristics 1. Input 2. Output 3. Definiteness 4. Effectiveness 5. Termination An Algorithm uses the words BEGIN start and END to end BEGIN(start of algorithm) Step1 Step2 Step3 …………. ………….. Step n END(END OF ALGORITHM) An algorithm to print ten odd numbers Input : the start number Output: First ten odd numbers STEPS: 1. Let the first number be n 2. n =1 3. Print n 4. Count c =1 5. Add 2 to n 6. Add 1 to c 7. Is c > 10 : Go to step 5 8. Stop 9. End algorithm An algorithm to print average of given sets of numbers Input: read the value of n where n is the total numbers we have Output: the average of numbers STEPS: 1. Read n 2. I =1, sum =0 3. If i>n go to 9 4. Read the value of X 5. SUM =SUM +x 6. I =I +1 7. Go to 3 8. Average = SUM/ n 9. Print Average 10. End

CLASS: SS2 WEEK:FOUR LESSON TOPIC: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT II

CONTENT NOTE: PLS TAKE NOTE THAT SPACES SHOULD BE LEFT THE SAME WAY IT IS HERE Program development can be divided into several stages which are shown in the diagram below 1. Problem definition: This stage is the formal definition of task. It includes the specification of inputs and outputs processing requirements, system constraints( execution time, accuracy, response time), and error handling method 2. Problem Analysis: This step is the process of becoming familiar with the problem that will be solved with a computer program. The process ends when all the programmers’ questions have been resolved and requirement of the program are understood. 3. Flowcharting: ones the overall problem has been identified, the next stage of software development is program design. The programmer must decide, prior to writing his program, exactly which steps should the computer takes to solve an identified problem. This should be envisioned as a step by step procedure. The resulted diagram is called a flowchart 4. Desk Checking: Another way of testing the logic of a program is to carry out desk- check that is executing the statements of algorithm yourself on a sample data. 5. Program coding: The next step is the process of transforming the program logic design into a computer language format. This stage translates the program design into computer instructions. 6. Program compilation: in general the compiler will go through a few steps: a) Lexical Analysis: making sure all the symbols in the source code are legal and turning them into tokens for the next step b) Syntactic analysis: analyse the tokens, ensuring they follow the rules of the language grammar c) Code generation: uses syntax to create some form of intermediate language, often times assembly language d) Code optimization 7. Program Testing and Debugging: This stage is the discovery and correction of programming errors. Few programs run correctly the first time, so debugging is an important and time consuming stage of software development. Testing stage is the validation of the program. Testing makes sure the program performs correctly the required task. 8. Program Documentation: this stage is the documentation of the program so that who use and maintain it can understand it, so that program can be extended to further applications. A compiler: A compiler is a computer program or sets of programs that translates text written in a high level language( source Language) into another computer language (the target language) source code source w/substitution Flow diagram of a compiler An Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that executes other programs. This is in contrast to a compiler which does not execute its input program. exter A flow diagram of an interpreter Examples of Interpreted Languages are BASIC, COBOL Compiled languages are C, ALGOL, Visual Foxpro etc.

CLASS: SS2 WEEK 3 TOPIC: Program Development

An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner is called a program. There are many programming languages --C, C++, Pascal, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and LISP are just few. These are high level programing languages. We also have low level language called assembly languages and machine language. Eventually, every program must be translated into machine language that the computer understands. This translation is done by a compiler, interpreters, and assembler. When you buy software, you normally buy an executable version of program. This means that the program is already in machine language i.e it has already been compiled and assembled and it’s ready to execute. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PROGRAM: 1. Accuracy: program should be sufficiently accurate to get the desired result 2. Simplicity: program logic should be as simple and uncomplicated as possible 3. Testability: place test points in the program 4. Efficiency: design program to use the least amount of primary storage and fewest devices possible. 5. Flexibility: account for all possible varieties of data input and processing conditions 6. Generality: Design the program to be generalized and flexible. PRECAUTIONS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT There are certain precautions that one should take during the development of a program. These are: 1. Patience: one should be patient enough and should not rush during programming process 2. Step following: All the steps of a program should be followed religiously without skipping of steps 3. Execution order: The order of execution of instructions should be followed 4. Fresh mind: one should be sufficiently fresh to work on a program

CLASS: SS2 WEEK: TWO LESSON TOPIC/TITLE: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE II

I. Preliminary study: Is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is the brief investigation of the system under consideration and gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is. In practice, the initial system study involves the preparation of a ‘System Proposal’ which list the problem definition, objectives of study, Terms of reference for study etc. II. Feasibility study: In case the system proposal is acceptable to the management, the next phase is to examine the feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and of course, the cost effectiveness. III. Detailed system study/ Investigative study: This involved detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationship s within and outside the system. Data are collected by interview, questionnaire and on site observation. IV. System analysis: system analysis is a process of collecting factual data , understand the process involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. V. System design: Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. VI. Implementation: After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the implementation phase begins. Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice. VII. Maintenance: Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in it working environments. VIII. Study review: Review activities occur several times throughout this phase. Each time the system is reviewed, one of the following decisions will be made: • The system is operating as intended and meeting performance expectation • The system is not operating as intended and needs correction and modifications • The users are/ are not satisfied with the operation and performance of the system.

CLASS:SS2 WEEK: ONE LESSON TOPIC/TITLE Computer Data Conversion 1

Content: Definition: The System Development life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the process involved including the waterfall model (the original SDLC method), rapid application development (RAD), joint application development (JAD), and the fountain model and spiral model. Description A Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has three primary objectives: ensure that high quality systems are delivered, provide strong management controls over the projects, and maximize the productivity of the systems staff. In order to meet these objectives the SDLC has many specific requirements it must meet, including being able to support projects and systems of various scopes and types, supporting all of the technical activities, supporting all management activities, being highly useable, and providing guidance on how to install it. The technical activities include: system definition (analysis, design, coding), testing, system installation, production support. The management activities include: setting priorities, defining objectives, project tracking and status reporting, change control, risk assessment etc SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE System Life cycle is an organization process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub processes required for system developing. STAGES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE: The following are the different stages of system development life cycle I. Preliminary study II. Feasibility study III. Detailed system study/ Investigation study IV. System analysis V. System design VI. Implementation VII. Maintenance VIII. Study review

CLASS ; SS1 WEEK/PERIOD SIX LESSON TOPIC/TITLE; WORD PROCESSING

CONTENT Definition: Word processing is the art of using computer to type and edit text and graphics in letters, reports, term papers etc. To perform word processing you need a computer set and software called word processor. Word processor enables you to create letter, term paper, newsletter, memo etc and stores those documents electronically on a disk or open the document for editing or printing. Examples of word processor 1. Word perfect 2. Word star 3. MS-Word 4. Loco Script 5. Ami-Pro 6. Word Craft FEATURES OF A WORD PROCESSOR Any word processor can perform the following operations; 1. You can paste document images pictures etc as many times as possible 2. Copy, duplication of an item 3. Search and replace: you can easily search for word and replaced it with another word 4. Printer can be used to print a hard copy of the document. Word processing has so many advantages over manual type writer as itemized below: 1. The use of computer allows for a neat job 2. Correction can be easily done without hassles 3. It allows mail merging operation 4. It gives to print as many copies as possible 5. Text can be formatted to suit the user taste 6. COPY AND PASTE: This feature let you copy data from any source to the clipboard and then paste them anywhere you want 7. PRINT PRIEVIEW: You can easily view your work to know how it will appear when printed.

WEEK 4 & 5 CLASS: SS1 TOPIC: BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS

BOOTING: Booting is a process that starts operating system when the user turns on the computer. Steps in booting a Computer: I. Put on the switch on the main socket to supply power to the system. II. Switch on the voltage regulator( known as stabilizer) III. Switch on the UPS IV. Switch on the monitor before the system unit V. Wait for system check until you see start up icon, if you are using window Operating system. It is advisable to watch out for any unusual message that might be displayed on the screen during this period and respond appropriately. The computer tests its entire hardware component to ensure that they are in working condition. The test is known as power on self-test (POST). If booting is successful, the operating system is loaded from the disk into RAM. The screen shows icons such as the computer, recycling bin, internet explorer. At this point computer is ready for use. TYPES OF BOOTING: We have two types of booting: warm booting and cold booting Warming Booting: means re-starting the computer after it has been switched on and it is still currently working. This take place when any of the following problems occur. 1. Changing of the computer during system checks 2. Stopping of the booting process due to some hardware failure 3. Sudden power failure resulting in the abortion of a running program 4. Failure of some programs to execute Cold booting: when computer is switched on from the scratch following the the above procedure of powering up a computer. Difference between Cold Booting and Warm Booting COLD BOOTING WARM BOOTING THE SYSTEM IS TURNED ON FROM THE SCRATCH THE SYSTEM IS ALREADY ON COLD BOOTING IS SLOWER WARM BOOTING IS FASTER SYSTEM CHECKS TAKES PLACE AND YOU SEE WINDOWS DESKTOP AFTER BOOTING CONMPUTER SKIPES SOME STAGES OF THE SYTEM BOOT PROCESSES COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP Windows desktop is the area of the screen where icon task bar and background are shown after booting the computer system. ICON: This is the graphical representation of an item in the computer e.g Recycle Bin, My computer etc Task Bar: The task bar is the line at the bottom of the desktop. The start button, the names of programs that are currently running appear on the task bar and the quick launch toolbar can be found at the task bar. BACKGROUND: The background of window desktop can take any colour or design. We have different types of background depending on the choice of the users. Functions of Desktop: Within the desktop, you can create and delete, folder file can be copied from one directory to another through the desktop. Running an Application Program: I. Click on start button, menus appear II. Click on programs, sub menus appear look for the application you want to run e.g MS-word. SHUTTING DOWN THE SYSTEM 1. Close all open windows or running programs 2. Click the start button and click “shutdown”

WEEK 3 TOPIC: I.C.T BASED GADGETS CLASS: SS1

ICT BASED GADGETSARE THE FOLLOWING:  Mobile phones  Computer  Fax machines  Automated Teller Machine  Dispensing machines  Point of Sales Machine-Automated Cash Register(ACR)  Radio sets  Television sets Mobile Phones: A mobile phone is an electronic device for making calls across a wide geographical area. It is also called cell phones or hand phone. Computer: This is an electronic device that process information Fax Machines: Fax means facsimile transmission, it is a system long established before the area of modern GSM. Fax system uses scanning technology, to transfer text and graphics from one machine to another. The locations of the machines involved are irrelevant. Fax is an effective method of transmission when paper or documents are involved. ATM: This is an electronic banking outlet where individual customer with his/her pin number can complete basic transaction. Dispensing Machine: This is the machine which dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, lottery tickets, consumer products. Radio: It’s a voice transmission that is designed to reach vast audience in and around the country. Television: This is a mode of transmitting information, event to people by audio-visual means.

WEEK: TWO CLASS; SS1 TITLE : APPLICATION AREAS OF ICT

Content: As mentioned in our previous lesson some important application area of ICT are: 1. Video Conferencing 2. Tele conferencing 3. Tele Presence 4. Tele Communicating and Network 5. Tele Computing 6. Messaging 7. Information Search, retrieval and archival 1. Video Conferencing: This is a technology whereby two or more people at different locations can see and hear each other at the same time, as if they were in the same room and there is possibility of sharing computer applications for collaboration. Telephone is not the same as a video call. A video conferencing system requires the audio visual equipment, which includes a monitor, camera, microphone, and speaker as a means of transmission. BENEFITS 1. Meetings can be arrange at short notices 2. Personnel reports can be made with less disruption to everyday activities 3. An individual can exchange information and communicate with one another either in same building or around the world 4. Individuals can exchange information an communicate with one another either in the same building or around the world. 5. An individual can collaborate on a research paper with one another making use of video conferencing TELECONFERENCING: A teleconference is a meeting or a gathering held via a telephone or a network connection between participants in remote cities or work sites. Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone conferencing and phone conferencing are also sometimes used to refer to teleconferencing. BENEFITS The advantage of using teleconference for businesses include saving in travel time and cost to get all participants to one location. Its quicker to organize than arranging a meeting.

CLASS ; SS1 WEEK 1 LESSON TOPIC: Revision of Last Term 2nd term

CLASS ; SS1 WEEK 1 LESSON TOPIC: Revision of Last Term 2nd term

ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. Computer is one of the ICT devices. ICT provides a range of different methods that we can use to communicate with each other among them are. 1. Video Conferencing 2. Tele conferencing 3. Tele Presence 4. Tele Communicating and Network 5. Tele Computing 6. Messaging 7. Information Search, retrieval and archival

CLASS ; SS1 WEEK 1 LESSON TOPIC: Revision of Last Term 2nd term

ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. Computer is one of the ICT devices. ICT provides a range of different methods that we can use to communicate with each other among them are. 1. Video Conferencing 2. Tele conferencing 3. Tele Presence 4. Tele Communicating and Network 5. Tele Computing 6. Messaging 7. Information Search, retrieval and archival

CLASS ; SS1 WEEK 1 LESSON TOPIC: Revision of Last Term 2nd term

ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. Computer is one of the ICT devices. ICT provides a range of different methods that we can use to communicate with each other among them are. 1. Video Conferencing 2. Tele conferencing 3. Tele Presence 4. Tele Communicating and Network 5. Tele Computing 6. Messaging 7. Information Search, retrieval and archival

CLASS: SS2 WEEK 10 SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

Word processing means to use a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications word processing is the most common. The great advantage of word processing over using typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the entire document. ADVANTAGES OF WORD PROCESSING OVER TYPEWRITER Ø Changes can be made without retyping the whole document. Ø Mistakes can be corrected by taking cursor back and correct the mistake. Ø A paragraph can be deleted without leaving a trace. Ø It is easy to insert a word, sentence, or paragraph in the middle of a document. Definition of some terms: Word processor: To perform word processing, you need a computer, a special program called word processor, and a printer. A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print on the printer. Text Document: Text document is something written, printed, or online document that presents or communicates narrative or tabulated data in the form of article, letter, memorandum, report, etc. Text editors were the precursors of the word processors. While offering facilities for composing and editing text, they do not format documents EXAMPLES OF WORD PROCESSOR: there are many word processing software packages available today, such as WordStar, MS-word, Corel WordPerfect, Windows WordPad, etc. here we will use the software package Microsoft Word or MS-Word. It is often called Word. Application Areas of Word processing: Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world, home and education. Business Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools. Typical uses include: 1. legal copies 2. letters and letterheads 3. memos 4. reference documents Education Many schools have begun to teach typing and word processing to their students, starting as early as elementary school. Typically these skills are developed throughout secondary school in preparation for the business word. Home While many homes have word processors on their computers, word processing in the home tends to be educational, planning or business related, dealing with assignment or work being completed at home or occasionally recreational, e.g writing short stories.

CLASS: SS2 WEEK 9 TOPIC: FILE INSECURITY II

Content: COMPUTER FILES VS. MANUAL FILES: Manual filing is the process of actually handling a physical piece of data. In the days before computers, a person made a folder of data and kept it in a filing cabinet, alphabetized or according to category. When the early computer came along, people converted the data into punched cards system that was readable to the computer. These looked like envelopes but were made of a light cardboard and were loaded into a punch card reader in a stack. The reader then entered the data into the computer, the cards were removed, and another pile put into the machine. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED FILES 1. computers can form calculations quickly and efficiently 2. they use up less room 3. Data can be retrieved quickly and easily 4. Documents that lost can often be retrieved 5. Mistakes and changes made can be corrected or changed easily by using the back space or dele keys 6. Quicker to find things and sort things 7. Makes work easier 8. You can find work in seconds with a search tool, much quicker than rifling through folders by hand Limitation of computerized files 1. Computerized filling system is expensive to set up 2. Skilled labor with proficiency in computers is required 3. Not effective where there is irregular electric supply 4. A normal filling system cannot be destroyed by an accidental power loss. Also, hackers cannot access a normal filling system from another computer. This helps security issues

CLASS: SS2 WEEK 8 TOPIC: FILE INSECURITY

Content: File Security is a feature of your file system which controls which users can access which files, and places limitation on what users can do to files. For example, a file may be secured so that everyone can view it but only certain specific people may change it, while another is secured so that only the owner may view it. Folders may also be secured in this way EFFECTS OF FILE INSECURITY: The general effects of file insecurity are Data loss and overwriting DATA LOSS: Computer users and many experts often consider lost data permanently destroyed, with no hope of recovery. And because much of the information about data loss is complex, inconsistent or inaccurate, it’s not surprising that data loss and data recovery are some of the most confusing and misunderstood concepts. CAUSES OF DATA LOSS 1. Human error 2. Computer viruses 3. Natural disaster 4. Hardware or system problem 5. Software corruption or program problem OVERWRITTING: is a process of writing a binary set of data on the memory. In general it writes over the previous data, hence the name. Overwriting generally occurs when unused file system clusters are written upon wit new data. Data that has been overwritten, even just ones, is generally considered to be unrecoverable. FILE SECURITY METHOD:  Data Backup  Anti-Virus  Password protection  Labeling storage devices BACKUP or the process of backing up refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. There are many ways to backup files. Most computer systems provide utility programs to assist in the backup process, which can become very time consuming if there many files to safe guard. Files are often copied to removable media such as writable CDs or cartridge tapes VIRUS: A computer virus is a self-replicating program that copies itself and that can infect other programs by modifying them or their environment such that a call to an infected program implies a call to a virus. If a virus has any damaging routines, they are known as payloads or warheads. The effects of a computer virus are a loss of information or your computer will shut down or your computer might just break. Care need be apply in what we open or download on the computer Virus types vary. Most have at least one of the following goal: 1. Randomly deletes personal files 2. Send your personal files to the virus programmer 3. Destroys your operating system 4. Infiltrate (and maybe destroy) your boot sector and / or BOIS Antivirus: An antivirus is software to protect your computer from viruses that may try to infect your computer or might have already done so. There are number of antivirus packages available in the market but the most trusted and acceptable are the Norton and McAffe scan. Password Protection: Password protection can prevent people accessing computer systems, accounts, files or parts of files by requiring a user to enter password. This prevents people damaging files or getting into e-mail accounts or network accounts and disrupting them. Storage Device Labeling: You should label your devices like floppies, CDs, DVDs; Pen drives etc. so that you know what you stored in them so are not accidentally deleted or formatted.

CLASS: SS1 WEEK 11 TOPIC: INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Content: Information systems contain information about important people, places and things within the organization. By information, we mean data that have been converted or processed into meaningful form for human being use. Data in the other words are streams of raw facts representing events happening in an organization or immediate environment before they are organized and arranged into a form that people can use. Three main processes are important in an information system, which are input, processing and output. Input collects raw data from within the organization, from its immediate environment as the case maybe. Processing converts this raw input into more meaningful form. Output conveys the processed information to the people. Information system also needs feedback. Feedback is the output given back to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage. DATA PROCESING Data processing is the stage involved in converting data into meaningful information. It entails collection of data from the scratch to the end. This processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on a computer. Sometimes data processing system is often referred to as information system. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) The Global Positioning System (GPS) is space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth. it is maintained by the united states government and it is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver

WEEK 10 TOPIC: COMPONENTS OF I.C.T CLASS: SS1

Content: Types of Broadcasting:  Radio Broadcasting: This is one way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Audio broadcasting can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio and internet radio via streaming media on the internet. Waves are used for receiving AM and FM radio and for wireless telecommunication use radio waves sent through space from one antenna to another as a medium of communication.  Television Broadcasting: Is a mode of television broadcasting which does not make use of satellite transmission or cables- typically using radio waves through transmitting and receiving antennas or aerials.  Satellite TV Broadcasting: satellite television is a television delivered by means of communication satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic mirror generally referred to as a satellite dish. TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM  PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK (PSTN): PSTN Landline is the network of the world’s public circuit switched telephone networks. It consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, micro ware transmission links, cellular networks, communication site and any other. Originally a network of fixed line analog telephone system.  SATELLITE TELEPHONE SYSTEM: A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellite instead of terrestrial cells site. They provide similar functionally to terrestrial mobile telephones; voice, short messaging service and low bandwidth internet access are supported through most system. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire earth, or only specific region.  FIXED WIRELESS TELEPHONE SYSTEM: Fixed wireless refers to wireless devices or systems that are situated in fixed locations, such as an office or home, as opposed to devices that are mobile, such as cell phones. Fixed wireless device normally derive their electrical power from utility mains, as opposed to portable wireless devices that normally derive their power from batteries. The rest are:  Mobile Phone System (GSM): refers to as the global system for mobile communication  Circuit Switched Packet Telephone(CSPT) TYPES OF DATA NETWORK: LAN: Local Area Network WAN: Wide Area Network MAN: Metropolitan Area Network PAN: Personal Area Network Internet LOCAL AREA NETWORK: A LAN connects network devices over a limited geographical area such as schools, home, computer laboratory etc. each device on the network is called the node. WIDE AREA NETWORK: A WAN is a computer network that covers large geographical area such as city, country. It can even span intercontinental distances using communication channel which combines telephone line, cables and air waves. A router connects LANS and WAN. A wan differs from a LAN in many important ways. Most wan are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under a collective partnership and management. WAN tends to use technology like ATM. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK: this is a network that connects two or more Local Area Network or campus area networks together, but they are smaller than WAN. MAN is applicable for a city. MAN can be operated by a government or a large corporation. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK: A PAN is a computer network is a network used for communicating among different computers that are close to a particular person. Personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephone, scanner and video game consoles are examples of devices that are used for PAN. A PAN may include wired and wirelesses inter connectivity between computers. The coverage of a PAN usually extends to 10 meters. Wired PAN network is usually constructed with USB and fiber wire while wireless is with Bluetooth. INTERNET: This is a global connection of different computers that are linked together. Internet is a set of networks using IP based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications. The internet network of an establishment is an example of intranet. An extranet is a network that is limited in scope to a single entity and also has limited connections to the networks of one or more users e.g a company customer may be permitted to some part of its intranets.

CLASS: SS1 WEEK 9 TOPIC: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Content: MEANNING AND DEFINITION OF ICT: The term ICT keeps on changing fast with technology. About fifteen years ago, there was nothing like internet (Global connection of different computers) but now, we have sophisticated devices that can communicate information in the twinkle of an eye. However, the term ICT stands for I – Information C- Communication T- Technology. I.e. Information and communications Technology. TYPES OF ICT 1. Broadcasting 2. Telecommunication 3. Data networks 4. Satellite communication 5. Information system 1. Broadcasting: This refers to a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously; Broadcasting can be performed as a high level operation in a program. 2. Telecommunication: It is the transmission of information over a significant distance to communicate. Telecommunication involves the use of visual signals such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags and optical heliographs or audio messages via coded drumbeats, or sent by loud whistles. In this modern day of electricity and electronics, telecommunication now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telephones, telegraph. 3. Data Network: Data network are telecommunications network that are installed and operated for information exchange between data communication devices such as computers and voice gateways. 4. Information system: Information system is a system that uses information technology, to collect, process, store and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and approach in an organization. Information system is the pillars for conducting business today. Information system transforms raw data into useful information through information technology. 5. Satellite Communication: Communication satellite provides a means of transmitting telecommunications all over the globe, without the need for a network of wires and cables. They orbit the earth at all times. They orbit the earth at all times. The satellites receive transmission from the earth and transmit them back to numerous earth station receivers scattered within the receiving coverage area of the satellite. BENEFITS OF ICT General benefits · Greater efficiency throughout the school. · Communication channels are increased through email, discussion groups and chat rooms · Regular use of ICT across different curriculum subjects can have a beneficial motivational influence on students’ learning. Benefits for teachers · ICT facilitates sharing of resources, expertise and advice · Greater flexibility in when and where tasks are carried out · Gains in ICT literacy skills, confidence and enthusiasm. · Easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials · Access to up-to-date pupil and school data, anytime and anywhere. · Enhancement of professional image projected to colleagues. · Students are generally more ‘on task’ and express more positive feelings when they use computers than when they are given other tasks to do. · Computer use during lessons motivated students to continue using learning outside school hours. Benefits for students · Higher quality lessons through greater collaboration between teachers in planning and preparing resources. · More focused teaching, tailored to students’ strengths and weaknesses, through better analysis of attainment data · Improved pastoral care and behavior management through better tracking of students · Gains in understanding and analytical skills, including improvements in reading · Comprehension. · Development of writing skills (including spelling, grammar, punctuation, editing and re-drafting), also fluency, originality and elaboration. · Encouragement of independent and active learning, and self-responsibility for learning. · Flexibility of ‘anytime, anywhere’ access (Jacobsen and Kremer, 2000) · Development of higher level learning styles. · Students who used educational technology in school felt more successful in school, were more motivated to learn and have increased self-confidence and self-esteem · Students found learning in a technology-enhanced setting more stimulating and student-centred than in a traditional classroom · Broadband technology supports the reliable and uninterrupted downloading of web-hosted educational multimedia resources · Opportunities to address their work to an external audience · Opportunities to collaborate on assignments with people outside or inside school Benefits for parents · Easier communication with teachers · Higher quality student reports – more legible, more detailed, better presented · Greater access to more accurate attendance and attainment information · Increased involvement in education for parents and, in some cases, improved self-esteem · Increased knowledge of children’s learning and capabilities, owing to increase in learning activity being situated in the home · Parents are more likely to be engaged in the school community · You will see that ICT can have a positive impact across a very wide range of aspects of

CLASS :SS2 WEEK/PERIOD:ONE TOPIC/TITLE Computer Data Conversion 1

CONTENT Definition of register: Register are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU, there are various types of Registers those are used for various purpose. Some mostly used Registers named AC or Accumulator, Data Register or DR, the AR or Address Register, program counter (PC), Memory Data Register (MDR) ,Index register, Memory Buffer Register. These Registers are used for performing various Operations, while we are working on the System. Registers are used by the CPU for Performing the Operations. When We Gives Some Input to the System, the Input will be Stored into the Registers and When the System is giving Results after Processing, the Result will also be from the Registers. Therefore they are used by the CPU for Processing the Data which is given by the User. Types of Registers:  MAR (MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER) : This register holds the memory addresses of data and instructions. This register is used to access data and instructions from memory during the execution phase of an instruction. Suppose CPU wants to store some data in the memory or to read the data from the memory. It places the address of the-required memory location in the MAR.  Memory Data Register (MDR) : MDR is the register of a computer's control unit that contains the data to be stored in the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the memory ready for the processor to use it. MDR hold the information before it goes to the decoder. MDR which contains the data to be written into or readout of the addressed location. For example, to retrieve the contents of cell 123, we would load the value 123 (in binary, of course) into the MAR and perform a fetch operation. When the operation is done, a copy of the contents of cell 123 would be in the MDR. To store the value 98 into cell 4, we load a 4 into the MAR and a 98 into the MDR and perform a store. When the operation is completed the contents of cell 4 will have been set to 98, by discarding whatever was there previously.  Index Register (IR): A hardware element which holds a number that can be added to (or, in some cases, subtracted from) the address portion of a computer instruction to form an effective address. Also known as base register. An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program.  CURRENT INSTRUCTION REGISTER (CIR): This holds the current instruction to be executed having being fetched from the memory.  INSTRUCTION REGISTER (IR): is the part of a CPU's control unit that stores the instruction currently being executed or decoded DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGISTER AND MEMORY Registers are storage locations internal the processor. CPU instructions operate on these values directly. On RISC processors, all data must be moved into a register before it can be operated. On CISC (Intel) chips, there are a few operations that can load data from RAM, process it, and save the result back out, but the fastest operations work directly with registers. Also, there are registers that are set aside for certain tasks, these generally include a program counter, stack, and flags. Each register also has a size that determines the maximum amount of data that can be processed at a time. The registers on Pentium chips, for example, are 32 bits. Finally, there are generally only a few registers available on a processer. Intel chips, for example, have 6 general purpose registers, and several specialized registers including a base register, stack register, flags register, program counter, and some addressing registers. Memory, or RAM, is located external to the CPU. Generally speaking, data has to be loaded into a CPU register from memory before the CPU can process it, RAM is much slower than registers, there is a lot more RAM than registers, and generally memory can be addressed on byte boundaries, where registers may not be able to access all the bytes in a register. To summarize: in general, registers are temporary storage in the CPU that holds the data the processor is currently working on, while RAM holds the program instructions and the data the program requires.

CLASS :SS1 WEEK/PERIOD Eight LESSON TOPIC/TITLE :BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATION

Content: BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: They are expressed in terms of a hierarchy of operations in which operations of high priority are performed first. BASIC operator includes the following. OPERATOR SYMBOL OPERATION ^ Exponential * Multiplication / Division + Addition _ Subtraction BASIC ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION These Arithmetic expressions are not formed according to the same rule of Algebra and mathematics. The following symbols are used to denote arithmetic operations. SYMBOL MEANING EXAMPLE IN ARITHMETIC IN BASIC ↑ Exponential BA B↑A * Multiplication A x B A * B / Division A/B A/B + Addition A + B A + B _ Subtraction A - B A - B The following rule most be adhered to Precedence Rules: The BASIC expression equally follows the precedent rule. The computer will perform the exponential first, then multiplication or division, then addition or subtraction And if two or more operators of the same hierarchy appear in an expression, the order of evaluation is from left to right Example Mathematic Expression BASIC Expression a b d (A * B * D) (c + d)(e +f) ( C + D)*(E + F) 6 X3 6 * X^3 (2 X y)/(c-B ) 2 *Y / c – B LOGICAL OPERATORS They operate tests on multiple relations or BOO lean operators Examples: = Equal to < Less than > Greater than <= Less than or equal to <> Not equal to PUNCTUATION MARKS Examples: (.) Decimal (,) Comma (“”) Quotation Mark (:) Colon & Semi colon (;) BASIC STATEMENT: They are statement that causes the computer to execute certain actions. ORDER OF OPERATIONS Line number Remark (REM) Assignment ( LET, INPUT, DATA) Output statement Print Programme terminator [END, STOP] Write a BASIC program to find the area of a rectangle 10 REM PROGRAM TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLE 20 REM AND PRINT AREA 30 INPUT “ENTER THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLE”; L 40 INPUT “ENTER THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLE”; B 50 AREA = L* B 60 PRINT “AREA =”, AREA 70 END

TERM2 CLASS :SS1 WEEK/PERIOD: Seven LESSON TOPIC/TITLE :BASIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Content: BASIC means Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is a powerful multi-purpose language and a business data processor. It is available on a variety of micro and mini computers. It’s a programing language with the ability to perform all the functions of scientific processing. BASIC was developed in 1963 at Dart Mouth College in Hanover, USA as a teaching language. BASIC CHARACTER BASIC character includes three sub-divisions. These are: 1. Alphabet 2. Numeric 3. Special character 1. Alphabet Character: This consists of upper case and lower case of 26 letters. 2. Numeric Character consist of numbers ranging from 0 to 9 3. Special Character: The following are special characters available in Basic. Blank - minus * asterisk ) Right parenthesis ) Left parenthesis , comma . Point : Colon ; Semi colon “” Double Quotation mark etc. Assignment: list all the acceptable special characters in BASIC TYPES OF DATA: BASIC Programing has two types of data: 1. Numeric : It is composed of integers and real numbers, for example, 24, -2, -70, 96 2. String data : this is a sequence of characters delimited (separated) by the use of double quotes for example “BOLA”, “5 AYO ADEKOYA CLOSE” BASIC STATEMENT They are statements that cause computer to execute certain actions. They include the following: LET, READ, INPUT, DATA, END, and PRINT STATEMENTS. ETC

CLASS : SS1 WEEK/PERIOD: Five & six LESSON TOPIC/TITLE: PROGRAMMING LANGUAUGE

CONTENT A programming language describes the way in which the instructions that make up a computer program are written. The three basic types of programming language are machine language, assembly language and high –level language. LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 1. Machine Language (MC) 2. Low Level Language (LLL) 3. High Level Language (HLL) 1. Machine Language: A machine language is a programming language composed of numeric instructions. It is made up of strings of binary digits specific to a particular make and model of a computer. Each machine language instruction is stored in one storage location as a binary number, but usually written in the octal or hexadecimal form. Most instructions consist of two parts, namely, an operation code that indicates what operation is to be performed and the address of the operand indicating where the necessary data can be found. FEATURES OF MACHINE LANGUAGE I. It is machine dependent II. Consume less space of the computer memory unlike high level language III. It is written in 0’s and 1’s IV. It is very difficult to write and modify ADVANTAGES O MACHINE LANGUAE DISADDVANTAGES Consume less space of computer memory They are prone to errors It is not difficult for machine to understand 0’s & 1’s Machine dependent It is the only language that computer understand They are tedious and boring to write and read They are very flexible They are difficult to amend for errors and to change LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE/ ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE This language is either a machine language or an assembly language. It is written in mnemonic or instruction code. Assembler converts programs written in low level language to machine language FEATURES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE 1. Machine dependent 2. Syndetic code is used e.g HLT or HALT 3. Mnemonic codes are used in place of actual machined ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES It is next to machine language Assembly languages are more difficult to learn than high language System software are written in low level language Is difficult to modify than high level language Consume less of computer memory Machine dependent The task of learning and writing the language is easier than with machine language Difficult to code and time consuming Assembly language can be used or programming closed subroutines It can’t be used to write application program HIGH –LEVEL LANGUAGE A high –Level computer language is a programming language composed of instructions written in English words (for business application) or in mathematical notations (for scientific applications). A high –Level language must be converted into machine language through a translator e.g Compiler and interpreter. FEATURES OF HIGH –LEVEL LANGUAGE 1. It is machine independent 2. It consist of series of instruction code 3. Rules must be adhered to when writing it 4. It is easy to read and understand 5. They are problem oriented ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES They are machine independent Consume more computer memory They are easy to write and understand Difficult to translate into machine language They are problem oriented Translation takes more time and tedious It can be used on more than one type of computeR Produces less efficient programs in terms of speed and memory They are portable and easier to modify Does not take advantages of specific facilities on individual computers

TERM 2 CLASS:SS1 WEEK/PERIOD FOUR LESSON TOPIC/TITLE Application Software

CONTENT Application software are suites of programs with associated documentation, used for a particular type of problem or variety of similar problems. Mostly, applications programs are produced by an organization for internal use to perform specific tasks. CLASSES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application software can be divided into two types: User Application Programs (Program written by the users) or customized software. Application Packages Are subdivided into: a) Special or Specific Purpose. These consist of programs designed to do just one specific task. E.g Payroll. b) General Purpose: These provide facilities which might be useful in a wide variety of business situations and used in different segments of business. E.g Database program and word processing program. Application Packages: Word processing Packages: Ms-word, Spread Sheet Packages. Ms Word is used to create, edit, save and print memos, letters, documents, term, papers, newsletter etc. It gives room for correction before printing is done unlike a type writer. Spreadsheets: Ms-Excel they are general-purpose tools which can be used for tasks which arise in a different application. Graphics Package: e.g Corel Draw Corel Draw: Is powerful graphic software for designing presentation publication jobs. The application and efficiency of Corel Draw involves creating graphics, text, designing and picture clip art. Database: The database Management System is complex software which constructs expands and maintains database. It also provides for an interface between the user and the data in the database. The database Management System (DBMS) maintains data in the Base by 1. Adding new records 2. Deleting old or dead records 3. Updating record An example of DBMS is Microsoft access: as the name implies, a DBMS aids you to manage and manipulate your data that is stored in a computer database.

TERM2 WEEK/PERIOD: 3 CLASS: SS1 TOPIC:OPERATING SYSTEM

CONTENT An operating system is a set of program which takes over the operation of the computer to the point of being able to allow a number of programs to be run on the computer without human intervention. Part of it stays in the core of the storage permanently, during the running of the computer. This part is known as the Executive Supervisor or kernel. The other parts, which are required less frequently are often held on a direct access storage device (disk) and called into the main memory when needed. Functions of the Operating System 1. It serves as a communication link between computer and the console terminal 2. It has control over selection and operation of input/output devices and filled handling 3. Does scheduling and loading of jobs in order to provide for continuous processing 4. Control system security by monitoring the use of passwords 5. It facilitates passing of control from one program to another without human intervention 6. It provide a complete record of all that happens during processing in form of a log 7. Helps programs to run Types of Operating System 1. Single program System: This permits only one user’s program to be in the main storage and processed at a time. It is available on micro-computers based system. Examples are MS-DOS, PC –DOS, 2. Simple Batch System: This provides for multi-programming but it has few facilities for interaction or multi-access 3. Multi access and Time sharing System: This system permits a number of users to access and use the computer at the same time. On larger micro computers as well as the smaller the smaller mini computers are a number of operating systems which are available for use e.g UNIX example is the OS/400 produced by IBM for use on the AS/400 super mini. Examples of Operating System can be looked at from two perspectives: 1. Command line (MS-DOS) Microsoft Disk OS: It was the main operating system for IBM pc personal computer during 1980 up to the mid 1990, until it was gradually overshadowed by operating systems offering a Graphical User Interface(GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft windows OS. 2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Examples of GUI are windows 95/98/2000/xp. Dos commands: A command instruction given to the computer to perform a specific task. DOS commands are grouped into two: internal and external commands. Internal commands are loaded into the computer memory during booting. They reside on the disk. UNIX: UNIX is widely used in both servers and work stations and mobile devices. UNIX was designed to be portable portable, capable of performing multi tasks and time sharing. MICROSOFT WINDOWS: All versions of Microsoft windows have had an MS-DOS like command Line Interface (CLI) Examples of GUI: Windows 95/98/2000/xp: Microsoft windows are series of software operating systems and graphical user interface produced by Microsoft. LINUS: Linus is an Operating System created hobby, by a young student, Linus Torvalds. It uses home and office desktop operating system. In addition to its adaptability and robustness, it is main alternative for proprietary UNIX and Microsoft OS. TRANSLATORS A translator is a system program that translates written high level language into a machine language. The statements in high level language are called source program. The statements in the machine language are called object program. Examples of Translators I. Assembler II. Compiler III. Interpreters UTILITY PROGRAMS Utility software is a kind of program designed to help, analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. The main types include: Sort, Editors, File copying, Dump, File maintenances, Tracing and debugging

TERM 2 CLASS : SS1 WEEK/PERIOD : Two TOPIC: COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE

CONTENT Definition of Computer Software: Software refers to the programs which are processed by the Hardware. A program is a sequence of instruction that is carried out by the Hardware to solve given problems or to perform specific tasks. The software refers to the programmes which are processed by the Hardware. A program is a sequence of instruction that is carried out by the Hardware to solve given problems or to perform given tasks. SOFTWARE CAN BE CATEGORIES INTO TWO: SYSTEM SOFTWARE: System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user application e.g BIOS (Basic input output system), the BOOT program, Assembler etc. SYSTEM SOFTWARE IS DIVIDED INTO: 1. Operating system 2. Translators 3. Utility Programe APPLICATION SOFTWARE: These are sets of instructions written by a vendor to perform a specific task. Examples are MS word, skpe, explorer etc.

CLASS: SS1 WEEK: 1 TOPIC: REVISION OF Last term

CONTENT Definition of Computer Software: Software refers to the programmes which are processed by the Hardware. A program is a sequence of instruction that is carried out by the Hardware to solve given problems or to perform specific tasks. Definition of Data : Data are raw facts or entity which no meaning has been attached to because it has not been processed. Data could be facts about people, places , things and their activities. Types of Data: Data can be in any of these forms 1. Symbols 2. Alphanumeric 3. Alphabet 4. Numeric INFORMATION: Information can be defined as any piece of fact, data or news discovered, heard or communicated to anyone verbally, or through writing or through other useful means. Examples of Information: Advertisement on news paper relating to vacancy, the zebra crossing gives information to road users etc